Never Underestimate Chekhovs Gun

Never Underestimate Chekhovs Gun Known as one of the greatest short story writers in history, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, Russian physician, playwright and short-story writer once wrote in a letter to a friend, Medicine is my lawful wife and literature is my mistress. Also among his letters is the principle now referred to as Chekhovs gun- a writing concept he brought up multiple times throughout his extensive correspondence.This version of it is noted in Bill Valentines Chekhov: The Silent Voice of Freedom:Remove everything that has no relevance to the story. If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall, in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off. If its not going to be fired, it shouldnt be hanging there.Chekhov: The Silent Voice of FreedomIn a letter to Aleksandr Semenovich Lazarev (pseudonym of A. S. Gruzinsky) written on November 1, 1889, Chekhov wrote, One must never place a loaded rifle on the stage if it isnt going to go off. Its wrong to make promises you dont mean to keep.So, what is Chekovs gun?Chekovs gun is the concept that a writers focus on objects, details or locations should have future significance in the story. This doesnt mean that every single object needs to have significance, however. It just means that if you point it out and encourage your readers mind to dwell on it, there should be a reason for doing so. Now Novel explains it like this:The lesson behind Chekhovs gun is that your story should be cohesive. Each part should contribute to the whole in a way that makes sense. It does not mean that every single plot point of your story must be hugely significant. Some story elements function to create mood or describe the setting. Yet each part of your story should correspond to the whole in at least a tangential way.Nownovel.comFor example, if your character has a limp, there should be a backstory that is significant for character building. Dont simply give him a limp and not explain to your reader why he has it. Another example wou ld be focusing on and describing a characters vivid dreams. Unless something significant will happen in one of those dreams that affects the characters choices further in the plot, or unless youre using it to foreshadow a future event, dont focus your writing on the dreams.Unless your characters vivid dreams play a role in the plot, dont focus on describing them. Photo by Johannes Plenio on Unsplash.Does it mean that every single detail needs to be significant?Chekov wasnt saying that every detail you include needs to be significant to the storyline. There are obviously times when youll describe a location with details that create setting and mood, or write characters who engage in small talk that isnt some great plot twist.Heres an example:Lets say youre writing a scene in which a character smokes a pipe. That pipe could simply be part of your choice in characterization and doesnt necessarily need to hold any special significance beyond that. However, if you focus your writing on t he details of that pipe, or use an entire page or more to describe how your character languidly smokes it, that pipe should be significant to the story. It should hold special significance in your characters past or future.Another example is if two of your characters are leaning in for a passionate kiss and interrupted by a loud alarm that goes off nearby, youve allowed that alarm to affect the plot. In doing so, you need to provide further explanation at some point before the end as to why youve done this. Is the alarm perhaps a metaphor warning the character that the kiss would lead to a toxic relationship? Did something happen down the street that would later affect the characters in some significant way beyond interrupting a romantic moment?Chekovs gun on televisionFans of the hit ABC show Lost, which first aired on September 22, 2004, understand firsthand how important Chekovs gun is, whether on page, stage, or screen. After the final episode, which aired on May 23, 2010, many fans experienced feelings ranging from disappointment to disbelief to outright anger. For six years, they had been taken on a wild, engrossing science fiction journey involving time travel, parallel universes, ancient civilizations, and scientific experiments, only to be left at the end with multiple questions still unanswered. Much of this confusion had to do with the shows writers offering up lots of seemingly significant objects, characters, and events- only to leave those elements unexplained by the end.For example, this reviewer on Den of Geek writes:My main fear was that the writers themselves never knew [what was going on], and had been content to roll along, episode to episode, season to season, chucking out twists hither and thither without any creative masterplan to guide them. I could imagine the scene in the writers room: Hey, this new twistll be cool. It makes absolutely no sense whatsoever, and I dont know how well write ourselves out of it, but people will be surprise d, and thats the main thing, isnt it? If viewers start to question how ridiculous it is, well just come up with something even more messed up and unbelievable to distract them from the first thing, and then repeat that formula until we get cancelled, or we all just decide to violently murder each other using ball-point pens.Den of GeekThis review is a good example of why readers are frustrated when authors point to seemingly significant things that turn out to be not so important after all. When audiences invest their time, energy, and emotions into a work- whether that be a book, TV series, movie, or play- they dont what to feel like their time is wasted. So, if youre going to have a gun in the first act, make sure its shot by the end of the third act. Otherwise, dont point out the gun at all.A screenshot of Mr. Echo and the smoke monster from Lost, a show often faulted for not following the rules of Chekovs Gun.When Chekovs gun is actually a Red HerringMystery, thriller, and crime novelists use a device known as a Red Herring to throw the reader off track for a greater surprise effect when the big reveal occurs. According to LiteraryDevices.net, a good example of a Red Herring in a popular work is the character of Bishop Aringarosa in Dan Browns novel Da Vinci Code:Bishop Aringarosa serves as an example of a red herring throughout the novel. The character is presented in such a way that the readers suspect him to be the mastermind of the whole conspiracy in the church.Later, it is revealed that he is innocent. This example of a red herring in the novel distracts the readers from who the real bad guy is, and thus adds to the mystery of the story. Interestingly, the Italian surname of the bishop Aringarosa translates in English as red herring.LiteraryDevices.netThe differences between foreshadowing and Chekovs gunLets go back to Chekhovs gun and re-examine what he said about it. Basically, if you mention a gun in chapter one, by the end of the novel, that gun needs to be shot. With this explanation in mind, you might recognize another often-used literary device that has a similar idea- foreshadowing.Foreshadowing, on the other hand, is a literary device that involves using words, phrases, objects, or characters to hint to the reader about what will happen later in the story. However, the important thing to note about foreshadowing is it is only a small hint- barely perceptible so as not to give away too much of the storyline. Chekovs gun is drawing attention to something in a more obvious way. So, the difference lies in the degree to which you emphasize the object, person, or ability.Essentially, think of Chekovs gun as a promise between you (the writer) and your readers that this thing youre mentioning will have significance at some point in the story. Its a pledge.Foreshadowing is a hint, and perhaps one that is so subtle that your reader wont notice it until the final reveal happens and all the plot twists have taken place.Tips for wr iters to apply Chekovs gun to your own writingIf youve been adequately convinced that Chekovs gun makes sense, here are a few tips to apply this same principle to your own writing.Create a scene list, containing each scenes plot points, character goals, action to advance the plot, and action to increase the tension. This article on 8 ways to create a scene list is a great resource that details the exact steps to take to make a scene list happen. Having a scene list will help you determine if there are unnecessary elements that were included in one chapter and dont return in future chapters as significant plot points.Read through your draft of each chapter and make sure that any focus youve given to objects, characters, or traits is fleshed out in future chapters.Above all, keep the unspoken promise to your reader that in exchange for their time and emotions, you wont lead them down a dead-end path in any part of your storytelling.

State Names and Abbreviations

State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations State Names and Abbreviations By Mark Nichol How should you treat references to states? The form depends on which style guide you adhere to and why the state is being referenced. Details about how to refer to states follow. The Chicago Manual of Style and The Associated Press Stylebook agree on one thing: When referring to a state on its own, spell the state name out (â€Å"California became a state in 1850†). However, when referring to a city and the state in which it is located, although Chicago recommends retaining the spelled-out version of the state name (â€Å"San Diego, California†), AP style calls for abbreviating the state name (â€Å"San Diego, Calif.†) if it consists of more than six letters. (Chicago also has abbreviations if you insist, but they don’t always match AP’s style.) The AP style abbreviations arbitrarily range in length from two to six letters, and all two-word names are abbreviated with the initials, such as N.Y. for â€Å"New York† with the exception of West Virginia’s abbreviation, which for some reason is rendered W.Va. (Note that AP style omits state names for a specified list of cities considered familiar enough that the state in which they are located need not be mentioned.) In headlines, the periods are omitted. However, when giving an address, or in tables or other uses in which space is limited, use the US Postal Service’s symbol system, which consists of a two-letter abbreviation in which both letters are always capitalized and no periods are used (for example, NY for â€Å"New York†). Other style handbooks have their own guidelines, so, if you are writing or editing for a particularly company as a staff member or a freelancer, determine which resource is considered the authority on state abbreviation. Note, too, that abbreviation of country names is rare and not recommended. US and UK are frequently used as nouns in informal contexts, but the names should be spelled out except as adjectives â€Å"the US response,† for example, or â€Å"the UK’s role† and Chicago recommends omitting periods in these cases, as is advised for all capitalized abbreviations. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101English Grammar 101: Verb Mood30 Words for Small Amounts