Comunication Nowadays

I do not think so, they are just preferring those ways to communicate because they're fast, convenient and fun. First, they are very fast. We live in a world where communication is a very important thing. Suppose you're on a long trip and having a call to home to your cruel wife is must be required, how would you react? Of course, the mobile phone will be your best friend in this case. You can also save time and shorten four call is not received instantaneous by testing messages, so that the receivers can view your messages whenever hey see their phone.Second, they are convenient. The funny example above just to show that communication nowadays is fast, and it's not only fast, but it's also very convenient . One of the features of the mobile phones is allowing users to send messages to multiple recipients at the same time. It's extremely useful for you when you have to call for many people and the content is the same such as inviting to a party or sending a learning plan for your fri ends instead of calling one-by-one.Finally, using email or social outworks to communicate with each other are fun ways to keep in touch especially helpful with people who have friends or family members live far away from them. These are a places for you to be creative in your words and get rid of stress through several simple funny emoticons. In addition, email or social networks are also necessary for people who lives abroad such as student. I've heard that most student learning aboard said that homesick is very terrible. And they couldn't imagine how hard of living abroad be without something like email or social networks.The world has been producing many new high technology devices for communicating recently and probably many of more in the future that some people think talking face-to-face daily or using tradition phones like the old fashions. But they are just an easier way to communicate with people. Communication nowadays may be less frequently and directly than the past but things are changed, people have their choices to decide to communicate in their ways. In my opinion, we are communicating better than the past.

Inequlity in South Asia

Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no Impact. † How far do you agree? Explain your answer with reference to examples from both gender and caste inequality. In south Asia, there are critical Inequalities practicing, especially the gender and caste Inequalities. Realizing the harm that these Inequalities will bring, governments as well as non-government organizations are putting great efforts to improve this situation. However, based on what is happening right now in south Asian countries, these efforts did not really help.Although the disadvantages present much more in political positions compare to before, but the mind-set is still ingrained in people's heart. Therefore, I agree to a large extend that efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Politically, situation is improving with the effort of the government. It is a government's responsibility in a modern world to help the people been systematically oppressed. Governments can also promote their international image by helping the disadvantages, through reserving seats for lower caste for example.This does help in solving Inequality In amount of people who inning the government. Under the 73rd Amendment Act of the Constitution, India had proffered 33% reservation for women In rural and urban local bodies. The Parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% In local bodies in 2009. Currently, there are more than a million elected women representative in local bodies. At present, 22. 5% of places in government-funded academic institutions are set aside for Dalais and listed tribes who make up roughly 25% of the population. Therefore, there are some achievement in fighting against inequality in political Jobs.Governments also have good policy in solving the problem but they are not implemented well. Once It is out of the control of the government, it will be very hard to really be implemented. Since there are no obvious consequences, not many people will be willing to o bey the rules. A state In India had committed $15,000 to construct a new school building, $900 for a new kitchen and $400 for new school benches. But only some of the money had arrived, so no construction had started a chairman of a village said $750 had been demanded of his village committee In exchange for building permits. N Pakistan, a young married woman, Samba Impair, as shot in the office of a lawyer helping her to seek a divorce which her family could never countenance, no government minister has condemned the killing, nobody has been arrested for Samba's murder, no government minister has condemned the killing. Therefore, it is really hard to implement government's good policy to solve the problems. The most serious thing Is, public still have a strong sense of discrimination. The thousand years old mind-set is very hard to change once It is set up in people's thinking.Moreover, since some people can still benefit a lot from these Inequalities, hey will not willing to chang e their mind and give up practicing these Inequalities so easily. For Instance, Harlan, a state In north India, Is notorious for frequent murders of young men and women who transgress. Caste is still an important criteria in Five women were buried alive in Pakistan ‘honor killing' on 02 September 2008. Girl babies are killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family and some grooms are still asking for dowry.Unfortunately, education and economic development do not solve the problems: gender imbalance s more serious in richer area since more people can afford to do ultrasound check in India. Various examples around the world prove that, the ancient mind-set is wide spread in today's world in South Asia. However, think of the achievement been made in politic, there is only a very tiny amount of women or the lower caste are able to enter government to work and the work they do might not necessarily important. While the policy not bee n implemented and the mind-set among the majority of Indian can actually influence a very huge number of the people.In rural area of India, even teachers practice fierce discrimination on lower caste students, without mass education, it is almost impossible to change the mind-set of the public. Thus, the achievement is still small compare to the problem. Perhaps the government need to be guaranteed to ensure its policy and correct education about inequality must cover the whole country. Yet, it requires time to improve the situation. In conclusion, there are a lot of efforts been made, and there are achievement, but the not many people can enjoy the achievement and effort been made has no much impact.Hence, I agree o a large extend that Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Although the caste system, dowry, and honor killing are outlaw, a long time ago, people still have a strong sense of discrimination: they are not willing to change. Teacher practice Politi cally: Government works very to Women's dalais percentage. Socially: mind-set examples: honor killing, cross marriage. Infanticide. Examining Equal voting right The parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% in local bodies in 2009 The provisional census for 2011 indicates a positive increase of 1 1. % in literacy rate amongst women. Protection of women from domestic violence act enacted in 2005 has given women a powerful tool. Anti-trafficking nodal cells adopting victims. Rescue, rehabilitation reintegration, repatriation. The government responsibility to ensure the laws being implemented, not changing mind-set. So the state government has offered to adopt abandoned babies as an incentive against killing them. In most cases, Nags say that the baby is killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family. In the last five months alone 47 babies have been received.

American History Essays - Anti-communism In The United States

American History Immigration and Discrimination in the 1920's Beginning in the early nineteenth century there were massive waves of immigration. These "new" immigants were largely from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a mixed reaction to these incomming foreigners. While they provided industries with a cheap source of labor, Americans were both afraid of, and hostile towards these new groups. They differed from the "typical American" in language, customs, and religion. Many individuals and industries alike played upon America's fears of immigration to further their own goals. Leuchtenburg follows this common theme from the beginning of World War I up untill the election of 1928. If there was one man who singlely used America's fear of immigrants to advance his own political goals it was Attorney General Palmer. The rise of Communism in Russia created a fear of its spread across Europe, and to America. Palmer tied this fear to that of immigration. He denounced labor unions, the Socialist party, and the Communist party in America, as being infultrated with radicals who sought to overturn America's political, economic, and social institutions. Palmer exasperated this fear in Americans and then presented himself as the country's savior, combatting the evils of Communism. He mainly centered his attack on Russian immigrants. During the infamous Palmer raids thousands of aliens were deported and even more were arrested on little or no evidence. Their civil liberties were violated, they were not told the reasons for their arrests, denied counsel, and not given fair trials. What followed was an investigation of Palmer led by Louis Post which overturned many of Palmer's actions. Palmer's cretability was shattered after in a last minute attempt to gain the 1920 presidencial nomination, he made predictions about a May Day radical uprising, the nation perpared itself, but on May 1st 1920 all was peaceful. While the raids had stopped, the hostilities towards immagrants still remained prevelent. Immigrants were used by organized industries as a source of cheap labor. But as labor unions began to form and push for better pay, shorter hours, and improved working conditions industries saw that it was not as easy to exploit these immigrants as it had been before. Like Palmer, they tied the American's hostilities towards immigrants to the newly emerging fear of radicalism. When workers struck, industry leaders turned public opinion agains them by labling the strikes as attemps at radical uprising. As a result, workers were often left with no other choice than to accept the terms of industry management. The fight for prohabition was aided by America's antagonism for immigrants. Protestants and "old-stock" Americans attempted to link alchol with Catholic-Irish and Italian immigrants. They were viewed as immoral and corrupt for their vice. Prohabition was a means of counterattacking the evils of the urban cities and their immigrant dwellers. In addition, the rise of the KKK was a direct result of the hostilities harbored towards the immigrant population. Started by native born, white, Protestants, the KKK was afraid of "the encroachment of foreigners," expecially those who answered to a foreign Pope as their religious authority. Playing upon these fears, the KKK gained support and was it's members were able to politically control parts of Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and much of Indiana.

Process of emotion in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process of emotion in the workplace - Essay Example In exploring this topic, consider workplace factors that influence burnout, individual factors that influence employees to suffer exhaustion, and results of burnout. Emotion is considered as Energy in motion. That’s what it feels like, an energy moving through the body. Emotions are an attempt to express outwardly, to express what a person believes. Emotion is the central part of organizational life. The role of emotion has been studied through the consideration of emotional content of the job. Some jobs are characterized by the emotional labor and other jobs marked by a combination both genuine and managed emotion. Much of the emotion in the work place comes not from the nature of job but from relationship with others and day to day activities in the organization. Most research considers emotion that is controlled through training and employee manuals. The majority research shows that emotional exhibits that created through deep acting or surface acting is somehow not genuine indicators of true emotion. All job linked emotions do not have this feature. The problem with this conception of emotional labor is that it does not allow to instinctively and authentically experience and expresses expected emotion. There are times when workers feel real emotions on the job and express those emotions in interactions. This kind genuine emotion on the job often involves people who hold professional positions in industries such as health care, education, or human services. Workers in these roles rarely have instruction on emotion management that clearly spells out how to manage such situations. Still, such individuals do deal with a lot of emotion on the job both of a ‘genuine’ and ‘managed’ variety. For example a nurse has to man age with the genuine emotion (e.g., the sorrow of having a patient die) and express emotions that he may not actually feel (e.g. dealing with ‘difficult’ patients in a cheerful or professional way). Individuals

International Business in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business in UK - Essay Example The major benefit of outsourcing the operations to the European Union nations would be the opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the European culture and market specifics, in addition to lower costs of manufacture and haulage. The European Union is a large potential market for UK based manufacturers. Thus, the strategy of outsourcing of business operations can give certain long-term benefits, though it would involve additional production set-up investments, exposure to translation and economic exposure and foreign exchange risks. However, the strategy can be beneficial particularly in the long run and it would keep the UK based organizations in the forefront in terms of cost competition (Gillespie et al. 2010). Formation of the strategic alliance with a European supplier or distributor would help a UK based manufacturer to gain from the existing network and the market knowledge of the supplier. Furthermore, carrying out of this strategy would require limited resources and investment from the UK based companies. However, the companies would be open to the elements to foreign exchange exposure together with supply chain hazards. The potential costs could be both internal and external in nature. For example, the brand image of the UK based organization and the smooth business operation in the European markets would depend on the new outsource associates of the company, thus revealing it to internal risks (Dicken, 2003, pp. 247-250). The outsourcing of the operations to the European Union countries would enable the UK based company to have access to skilled workers, superior infrastructure, government subsidies and other technological support.  Ã‚  The European market is a huge market and carrying out the production there would give the company cost advantage.  

Art using hand and brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art using hand and brain - Essay Example I have been crazy about drawing since I was six years old. I have always been interested in pictures and paintings. Drawing has occupied my mind since I was a kid, and has strengthened its root as I have grown older. People see images everywhere around them, and think that the artists draw those images out of the blue, without much thought and without much effort. However, that is not true at all. The truth is that artists spend ample time in thinking about the ideas behind every picture, and them bringing those ideas to life using imagination and innovation. However, that imagination, originality, and creativity is a gift of God that only some people possess. Artists think a lot before creating a picture. This is because they hold the responsibility for the message that they have to convey through the picture. Sometimes, the picture does not even have to be beautiful to convey the message. The artist uses his brains to deliver the message in the most beautiful way, so that the peopl e do not only enjoy the beauty of the picture, but also get the message in it. Whenever I have to draw a picture, first of all I make a sketch of it using pencil. This sketch is not beautiful at all unless I try to put the idea I have in mind into the picture, using my imagination. But of course, I cannot bring the picture to life without using my brains. The imagination comes from the brain; whereas, the hand can only draw some lines here and there. Hand lays the foundation, and the brain builds the whole building on that foundation. After I have drawn the basic sketch, I put color and beauty in it, keeping in mind that the basic message gets conveyed properly. Most often, I try to convey message about life. Once, I drew a sketch of a dark sea with bright blue horizon. When it was only a pencil sketch, it conveyed no message. But in mind, I had made a picture of happiness and gloom. Since life is a combination of happy and sad moments, I colored the sea very dark to represent gloom , and colored the horizon very bright to represent happiness. The picture turned out to be very remarkable, as it was a combination of sparkling colors, which actually depicted a contrast as happiness and sadness. The point I want to mention is that hand can only draw a basic outline of a picture, but to convey the true message, the artist uses his brains, from where the imagination comes from. Innovation arises from mental understanding of the message. If I had not put in the colors in the above mentioned picture, there was no way to convey the message properly. I am also very fascinated by street art. It is also a beautiful combination of hand and brain. It is an art which, sometimes, is regarded as an annoyance or as an act of vandalism; but most often, it is considered as a means of expressing disapproval about social or political issues prevailing in the society. This aspect of expressing dissent and using art to ask questions from the public or the government makes street art a form of public art. It is actually one of the most convenient means for the artist to show to the superiors what the public is going through and what they want. People find street art interesting, capture images, and discuss them with curiosity. This makes them ponder over what is the idea behind. The artist makes extensive use of his imagination, and puts that imagination into reality through the use of hand and brain. Putting it all together, art cannot be expressed in its true form, if the artist does not know

Consumptive Tourism and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumptive Tourism and Sustainability - Essay Example This essay discusses that ecotourism is considered to be non-consumptive use of the environment. However, many researchers and people within the industry consider some forms of consumptive tourism to also be ecologically sound, and to aid in the protection of the environment. Wildlife tourism is becoming increasingly popular as society becomes more highly urbanised and less natural habitat is available, particularly for those from the western world. Tourists exhibit a growing desire to directly interact with the natural environment, particularly environment that is relatively untouched by humans. Wildlife is a relatively recent term, and has only been included in dictionaries since 1961. The exact use of the term depends on the context, and it is often used with strong emphasis on game animals. However, a more general definition considers wildlife to included non-domesticated vertebrates, and can also include some invertebrates and plants if they are considered to be important. Human s have shown an increasing interest in being near, and interacting with the natural environment, particularly wildlife. This has cumulated in a high interest in wildlife tourism. Wildlife tourism exists in both consumptive and non-consumptive forms. For example, non-consumptive wildlife tourism includes activities such as animal watching, habitat and nature-based tours. Consumptive forms of ecotourism include activities such as sport and trophy hunting, and actively remove animals from the environment. However, despite that fact that this form of tourism is often viewed as being detrimental to the environment, supporters argue that this is actually more beneficial for the environment than non-consumptive forms of tourism (Novelli et al., 2006). Moral standpoint One of the strong arguments against consumptive tourism is that animals should never be killed for personal pleasure or satisfaction. People in developed society tend to reject consumptive tourism as a potential means of sust ainability as the result of moral objections. The perception is that there should be no forms of wildlife use that involve killing. Because of this perception, animal rights organisations place strong pressure on the governments of developing countries to prevent all forms of tourism that involve killing (Novelli et al., 2006). Economic viability Consumptive tourism requires a large area of the environment to be successful. Wildlife viewing and other forms of non-consumptive tourism requires only a small geographical area to be effective, and consequently the return per unit of land is much higher than that of consumptive touris

How to catch more channel catfish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to catch more channel catfish - Essay Example Therefore, effective and successful fishing for channel catfish can be improved when an individual tries a few new tricks. In addition, the individual should focus his fishing efforts on the most attractive as well as most appealing catfish habitat in whatever water they choose to do the fishing (Tucker and Hargreaves, 28). One should use their most loved approaches only if they are actually producing cats, however, when the old standbys does not produce cats, the accompanying pointers could help one’s catch rate to soar. First pointer is the choices of baits. Any given kind of imaginable bait is able to help in catching the channel catfish. It is often encouraged for an individual to use cut baits as much as possible in order to catch big catfish (Sutton, 81). Body fluids from such cut baits usually play a key role in attracting catfish over long distances. An individual should match the size of the bait with the size of the catfish they are likely to catch. The second pointer is the location of catfish. Such types of fish are found in small to medium-sized river hotspots particularly the deepest part because logs, rocks as well as fallen trees in such areas make it very attractive to catfish (Tucker and Hargreaves, 27). Channel catfish normally position themselves in such areas with structures that reduce or breaks the current while they wait for food or when they want to rest.

Contemporary business issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary business issues - Essay Example This paper seeks to critically analyze the way that Tesco has applied the Ethical Trading Initiative Base Code, the objectives and the principles of the Ethical Trading initiative, how the code is enforced and the possibilities of applying the code during the recession. As stated earlier, Tesco has applied the Ethical Trading Initiative Base Code to the suppliers to ensure that the suppliers have adhered to the ETI standards. In this way, the problems that are related to the suppliers can be identified and addressed consequently (Crane & Matten, 2007). The company has implemented a number of steps to ensure their suppliers meet the standards in the ETI. So as to ensure that the codes are strictly effective in their application, the company has organised buyer training programmes that help the buyers to understand and comply to the best quality. The supply of quality products in a company requires the buyers in the company to be given some proper training so that they are keen in accepting the supplies. In Tesco, the commercial staffs who are involved in buying commodities from the UK are expected to have the understanding of the ethical considerations before they purchase anything from the suppliers. The company ensures that its employees are made aware of the ethical considerations that should be put in place when accepting goods from a supplier. This is usually done in the job description of the employee (Michael, 2003). The employees usually take a course known as: Buying With Your Eyes Open where the employees are taught ways in which they can identify potential problems and how they can apply purchasing practices thereby minimising ethical risks. The food buyers and the non-food buyers are given the training differently since the requirement specifications of the items are different. The technical managers are also given some audit trainings so that

Internal Audit Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internal Audit - Research Proposal Example The concept of timeliness in internal audit processes means adherence to prescribed deadlines. Internal auditors usually work with a timetable where inception and termination of procedures are definitely stated. Typically, auditing involves interviewing of employees, review of an organization’s operation documents and administration of survey questionnaires to relevant stakeholders. Occasionally, a given procedure like examination of documents in an office may take longer than prescribed (Krishnan, 2013, p. 231). In such cases, employees working inside the office under examination will be restricted from accessing their respective work stations. On the other hand, those restricted employees have duties and responsibilities which need completion before a stipulated deadline. In this context, the hitch of workplace restriction experienced by employees causes substantial inefficiencies that can negatively impact on an organization’s practices. Aside from workplace restriction, undue disruption of work environments manifest in form of safeguarding logistical tools of operation. As acknowledged earlier, the main aim of internal auditors is to examine actual operational practices of an organization. In order to execute this task, auditors must access documents and related files containing information regarding individual workflows. In the case of limited clarity, auditors may be forced to mix up documents from different departments as a means of facilitating reconciliation of ledgers (Kothari & Smith, 2004).

Helping Students Find a Purpose for Their Education Essay Example for Free

Helping Students Find a Purpose for Their Education Essay It has been my observation that many of my best students became intrinsically motivated to put more effort into their education after they have decided on a career purpose. A work or career purpose or mission answers the following question: How do I want my career to benefit others? It is also important to identify who (the population) we want to benefit. An example of a work purpose statement is, â€Å"I want to help those who are sick or injured to heal and rehabilitate. † This statement does not contain a career title, but it provides guidance for exploring a variety of careers that can fulfill this purpose. For example a student with this purpose could explore a variety of careers such as nurse, doctor, physical therapist, nutritionist, athletic trainer, fitness trainer, engineer or inventor of products for persons with disabilities, etc. The career that they choose will depend on their capability and willingness to acquire the necessary skills, education, training and credentials. Ideally the career choice will be one that uses their best talents and is one they will enjoy doing. Do you ever share with students why you chose to work in the field of education? Students need to learn about different careers from adults who work in different career fields and to hear what motivated them to make their career choices. I teach college success courses and I used to wait until the end of my courses to get into career development, exploration and planning. Students did not think about a career purpose until the last week or two of my courses. Recently I started covering these ideas in the second week of my courses so that students would have a clear direction for their education much sooner. Having a career purpose can make their education relevant and is likely to generate the intrinsic motivation to study and learn. Students need to be provided with opportunities for career guidance from counselors, teachers and professors in high school and college. You do not need to be teaching college or career success courses to do this, but can weave in a few questions and ideas into other courses. Here are a few questions you can ask your students so that they can begin a process of self-reflection about their career purpose: 1. What purpose do you want to accomplish in your career? 2. What benefits do you want others to receive as a result of the work you do? 3. What specific populations of people do you want to help? 4. How do you want to contribute and make a positive difference for others? 5. If you were wealthy and chose to work what would you do? 6. What problem or need in the world would you most like to fill or solve? 7. If you knew you could not fail what type of work would you do? 8. What are some natural talents you would like to develop and use in a career to fulfill your work purpose? When we expect students who lack self-knowledge and a work purpose to choose a major and career, we are putting the cart before the horse. Identifying a purpose first will guide students into best career choices. If we help students to determine an appropriate career goal then they will also have a purpose for pursuing a good education

Evaluate Assessment Activities Essay Example for Free

Evaluate Assessment Activities Essay Describe, use and evaluate two different assessment activities used to check the learning of either individuals or a group of learners. Analyse the purpose of assessment and produce a written justification of your chosen assessment method. Use an extract from your teaching practice portfolio and reflect on how your feedback has informed your learners progress and achievement and how feedback from others has informed your own professional practice. Introduction In my first year at College I have delivered Entry and Level 2 Motorvehicle Maintenance and with no previous experience of this course assessment was something I leant on the job so to speak. Initially it was games and questions and answers followed by tests which were mainly practical. As the year progressed I then started doing formal practical exercises (observed assessments), Web based exercises and finally multiple choice exam style questions. The Entry level course is assessed purely by portfolio (questions and answers plus job cards) but the Level 2 course has a summative exam element. These are spread over the year and total 5. The two I am going to discuss are the observed assessments and job card creation. Job card creation The first assessment method I will discuss is the completion of job cards. As part of the course (either group) the learners all complete practical tasks in the workshop. Indeed this is one of the highlights for them as they are not an academically based group on the whole. Each practical task is designed to reinforce the theory element that was covered in the previous lectures. During the practical we (staff) make sure the learners understand what they are doing and its relevance to the topic in hand. We also check they make notes to help with job card completion. Differentiation is also practised, not in the task itself but the bike they are given to work on. Some are easier than others for given jobs. Once the task has been completed and the workshop cleared up and all tools put away etc. (i. e. there is a break from the original task in hand) they all have to complete a job card to reflect what they have been doing. During this time I keep a close eye on what they are writing and often challenge them on various facts. I found ome learners struggled to remember what they had just done even with the help of notes whilst others completed the task almost unaided. During this task the results of assessing learning really became obvious. It was interesting that for the most part it was always the same learners that has the same problems. Over the year they did become better, some more than others. There were some however who had hit their ceiling with what we might consider these ver y simple tasks. Fortunately the course demands a very formative assessment approach and this final task of completing the job cards is almost a formality and not something you can fail at. The bulk of the course assessment was done actually during the practical task. This was more the case for Entry level learners than the Level 2 learners. Level 2 learners had to complete similar tasks etc. but were slightly better at completing job cards. Again this was not something they could fail at. If it was not right they simply adjusted it until it was. For the learners this task was not one they relished as almost exclusively they are kinaesthetic learners with an aversion to both reading and writing and often listening. This was consequently quite a hard task for the learners but a necessary one as the course demanded it as evidence of their learning. It did open the opportunity for discussion however and lots of them learnt a lot during these sessions. There was also an element of team work as for the most part they worked in groups doing the workshop tasks. As the year progressed and reflecting on my teaching portfolio, without exception all my learners improved and in some cases gained the confidence and desire to help others which was very encouraging. Interestingly this was the less able helping those that may have missed a session etc. A great boost in self confidence for them and the class generally. As the teacher from this whole workshop process I was able to differentiate between those likely to be technician material, those who may make fitters and those who were not going to make it in the field. With the benefit of hindsight these impressions are accurate so far. Observed assessments This is for the Level 2 learners only and involves carrying out a practical task on a motorvehicle under near exam conditions i. e. no talking to other learners in the room etc. They could talk to the teachers and ask some questions. This was a particularly instructive task for us the teachers as the learner is suddenly on his/her own rather than in a group as they had been in the normal workshop sessions. As the teacher we had few surprises with the performance of the learners but there were one or two early on. These were mainly because it was possible during the workshop sessions to take a back seat and let your group do most of the work. Because of this they were unsure when it came to their assessment which is only to be expected. Whilst most learners completed the tasks correctly there were a few problems as expected. Going back to my ethic of trying to treat them as adults I tried to relax them whilst doing the task and relieve the usual stress associated with this type of task. This was mainly around failure either in the task or to complete in the allotted time. I spent a lot of time reassuring them that if it didn’t work out it was not a problem, we would just do it again after some more practice. In the early assessments the learners looked as though they were treading on glass but as the year progressed and they relaxed and began to know our boundaries it became an enjoyable exercise for them. For the teacher again it provided a wealth of information on their progress, knowledge and confidence and gave us discussion material for both the learners and parents evening. These tasks gave the learners an opportunity to show their knowledge and expertise and consequently progress through the course curriculum. There was no learning from one student to another of course but there was a good competitive spirit around success and time keeping. The purpose of assessment ‘Assessment is a measure of learning, at a given point in time’ [ ]. Taken on its own this is rather insular so it should be noted that the assessment process is a ‘a two way process’ [ ]. This means that the teacher should take on board feedback from the assessment process and where necessary modify their teaching practices to improve the overall learning experience. At its simplest this is for planning further teaching and assessment. There are several methods of assessment, some of them formal e. g. observations, tests, exams etc. and some are informal e. g. questions and answers, quizzes etc. and finally there are initial, formative and summative assessments. In these early days of the course it seemed logical to use the above assessment methods as they were contributing directly towards the outcome of the course and its evidence based criteria. The college choice of examining board (City and Guilds) has left me very little scope for alteration of the assessment methods I have outlined. Looking forward though I plan to make the job cards a lot easier to complete which will aid in hitting the City and Guilds targets whilst going some way towards removing the dependence on reading and writing especially the English element. I have other plans to re-introduce this though with research based homework as the functional skills elements must not be neglected. Feedback from my learners on my initial attempts has been very encouraging. So, whilst my aim is to follow on what Dr Patrick Geoghegan says ‘the students could test themselves in a non-intimidating way that could be fun’ [ ] I realise there is a way to go but we have made great strides this year and next year will be better. Certainly, this year has been a steep learning curve for both the learners and teachers but we are progressing together and it is looking promising on the progression from one level to the next. I was observed by my supervisor and during the catch up session later received feedback about my teaching session. The most interesting point for me was the level of the lecture. It was a seemingly simple subject on exhaust systems but during the lecture the class and I got into an interesting discussion which veered off into the speed of sound through different temperature gases and so on. The feedback was simply to keep the lecture on track. To this end I have now started to pre-empt little diversions like this with additional slides either at the end or in a separate presentation. This way I can cover these points at a later time or at the end if appropriate. Separating these out also means when I put my presentations on Moodle I can only put up the core show and keep some back for differentiation purposes. Conclusion Good assessment techniques particularly formative ones can be embedded into the lesson and almost unnoticeable to the learners. There are of course the more formal techniques which are more obvious e. g. QA, tests etc. For myself I have been using a large range of assessment techniques some of which I did not even realise I was doing at the beginning. During the year the assessment process has been an interesting learning curve for both myself and my learners. I have involved them as much as I can and some of the feedback from them has been very insightful and consequently fed back into the process. Finally, feedback to the learner from assessment should always be as constructive as possible. This is supported by the following quote ‘assessment feedback †¦. should always be constructive’ [ ]. Bibliography Books Ann Gravells and Susan Simpson, planning and Enabling Learning in the Lifelong Learning Sector, 2008 Susan Wallace, Teaching and Supporting Learning in Further Education, Learning Matters, 2001 G Petty, Teaching Today, Nelson Thornes, 2009 Websites Geoghegan P M (2006) Hot potatoes formative assessment, in Every Student Matters Activities for Engaging and Widening Participation in Higher Education: A Preliminary Collection, Higher Education Academy Ireland Blending assignments and assessments for high-quality learning http://www. enhancementthemes. ac. uk/themes/IntegrativeAssessment/IABlendingInclusivity. asp

Technology of MRI Scanners

Technology of MRI Scanners INTRODUCTION Magnetic Instrumentations are the hardware in the system component of MRI that very significant in the production of Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. It act together with the software program such as pulse sequence and image formation program to complete the process including nuclear alignment, Radio Frequency (RF) excitation, spatial encoding and image formation. The example of hardware in MR imaging are magnet, RF source, magnetic field gradient system, computer system, and image processor. MRI INSTRUMENTATION 1. Define gauss, tesla, and electromagnetic spectrum: 1.1 Gauss Gauss (G) is the older unit of flux density or the unit of low magnetic field strength. 1 Gauss can be define as 1 line or flux per cm2 (Willis, 2009). 1.2 Tesla Tesla unit is the preferred SI unit in larger magnetic field and it can be define as the field strength of 1 Weber per m2. 1 Tesla is equal to 10 000 Gauss (Willis, 2009). 1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves or energy arrange according to frequency and wavelength. In MRI, radiofrequency (RF) refers to that portion electromagnetic spectrum which can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna (Hardiman, 2005). 2. Define paramagnetic, Diamagnetic and Super magnetic: 2.1 Paramagnetic Paramagnetic material such as Ferum, Magnesium and Gadolinium have unpaired electron resulting in positive magnetic susceptibility which induced small magnetic momen. Paramagnetic ion induced large fluctuating magnetic field in external magnetic field. Commonly, Gadolinium (Gd) is used as a MR contrast agent (Ballinger, 1998). 2.2 Diamagnetic Diamagnetic materials have paired electrons such as water, wood, glass, and gold which show no net magnetic moment with the absent of magnetic field. Non magnetic material quickly repels the field when placed in magnetic field, resulting in small negative magnetic susceptibility which contribute to the loss of signal in MRI (Ballinger, 1998). 2.3 Super magnetic Superparamagnetic materials such as iron oxide can be used as t2* as it has magnetic susceptibility slightly higher than paramagnetic (low positive) and lower than ferromagnetic material (high positive). It causes large magnetic moment in the presence of external magnetic field but no remnant magnetic moments when the field is zero (Ballinger, 1998). 3. Describe 3 types of magnet and give advantages and disadvantages of each: 3.1 Superconducting magnet Superconducting magnet have high field strength up to 3.0 T in clinical scanner while 9.4 T in research facility. It is also high in field homogeneity over largest volume. As it provide high field strength, it cause high signal to noise ratio and also fast scanning. It gives low power consumption as it always produce a magnetic field and electric current without primary source (Blink, 2004). Superconducting magnet is high in capital cost and cryogenic cost. It also produces acoustic noise, motion artifact and technical complexity as susceptibility effect is increased when imaging moves to higher field strength (Blink, 2004). 3.2 Resistive magnet The resistive magnets commonly have open designs which make it light weight and overcome claustrophobia among the patient. It been shut off when not in used to conserve the power (Blink, 2004). However, it has limited field strength which below than 0.2 T and low overall volume of homogenous field. It needs high power consumption and has large fringe field (Blink, 2004). Water cooling is required because large amount of heat are generated to produce the magnetic field by an electromagnet (Wang, n.d). 3.3 Permanent magnet Permanent magnets have low power consumption and low operating cost. It also cause small fringe field and does not use cryogen (Wang, n.d). Permanent magnets have limited field strength which is below than 0.3T and give no quench possibility. It is quite heavy and may require reinforced flooring to site the system, particularly if the magnet is not located at ground level (Blink, 2004). 4. Discuss field strength in relation to image contrast: In general, image quality is based on contrast resolution and noise which influence by the field strength of magnet. High field strength provides more signal-to-noise ratio than low field strength. It allows fast imaging that reduces patient motion so that better spatial resolution and image contrast (Thomas Magee, 2003). 5. Discuss purpose of gradient in MRI: Mainly, the gradient is used to either dephase or rephase the magnetic moment of nuclei (Guang Cao, n.d). It also used for slice selection, gradient refocusing, gradient echoes, and gradient moment nulling. It also can spatially locating (encoding) signal along the long axis of the anatomy called Frequency Encoding as well as spatially locating (encoding) signal along the short axis of the anatomy called Phase Encoding (ASRT, 2008). 6. Discuss the purpose of cryogen: Cryogen is used in MRI to supercool the electrical conductor in superconductive magnet. It is because a quench cause a rapid loss of static magnetic field in MRI (Blink, 2004). So, the cryogen usually liquid helium and some liquid nitrogen is used to ensure the temperature as low as -269ËÅ ¡c (-452ËÅ ¡c) are achieve (C.L. Dennis, 2009). 7. Discuss the type and purpose of shielding and shimming: In MRI, RF shielding use copper shielding or Faraday cage to reduce the transmission of electric or magnetic fields from one space to another. Meanwhile, magnetic shielding used to reduce the level of RF radiation that enter or leaves the shielded room (Hipskind, 2009). Passive magnetic shielding use a steel plate while active magnetic shielding employ additional solenoid electromagnet to reduce the area affected by the fringe field (ETS.LINDGREN, 2009). Shimming is used to remove small inhomogeneities which present in the magnetic field (Z. Ren, 2009). It uses metal discs or plates in passive shimming to get magnetic field to a particular level of homogeneity and additional solenoid magnet in active shimming to optimize for each patient examination (D. Tomasi, 2009). 8. Discuss construction, use and selection of linear, quadrature, phase array, multichannel, transmits or receive coil and receive coil only: Linear or surface coil consist of single or double loop of copper wire that use to improve SNR when examine the structure near the skin surface such as temporo-mandibular joint, orbit or shoulder (Blink, 2004). Quadrature or circularly polarized coils contain at least two loops of wire which commonly used today that produce √2 more signal than single loop coil (Zhou, n.d). Phased array coils consist of multiple surface coils which have the highest SNR but limited sensitive area (Zhou, n.d). Multichannel or Helmholtz coil have pair of circular coil that widely used in MRI because of its fairly uniform magnetic field (Zhou, n.d). Transmit/receive coil transmit RF then change to a receive mode to receive the MR signal. It allows acquisition of more slices and reduce artifact. It has complex design and decrease uniformity over volume of interest (Spring, 2005). Receive only coil design only receive MR signal using body coil as a transmitter and they include surface and phased array coil. It has simple design which used together with the transmit body coil to provide uniform excitation over the entire volume of interest (Spring, 2005). 9. Explain the principle of magnetism, the specific of MR instrumentation, and hardware required for MR imaging: 9.1 Principle of magnetism Magnetism not just occurs in ferromagnetic substances like iron. In an external magnetic field, magnetization can occur in tissue but it disappears when the field is removes (Michael N.Hoff, n.d). 9.2 Specific of MR instrumentation Ancillary equipment needs an additional instrumentation for scanning such as ECG leads and respiratory bellows as well as the power injector. It also supplies patient monitoring like ECG, pulse oximetry and fiber optic while patient transportation provide a wheelchairs, stretchers, patient table and step stool (ASRT, 2008). 9.3 Hardware required for MR imaging Other than magnet, gradient and radio frequency system, the hardware required for MR imaging is the computer. It controls all the system and has the pulse control unit as well as array processor for fourier transform and 2D and 3D imaging. Computer also stored the data in the hard drive as well as processing and handling it (ASRT, 2008). 10. Explain MRI imaging chain: Diagram1: Schematic diagram of MRI imaging chain (Anonymos, n.d). Mainly, the central computer controls the scanning operation. It specifies the shape of gradient and RF waveform as well as the timing to be used. Then, the information is passes to the waveform generator before the signal is passes to be amplified and sent to the coils. Once NMR signal has been phase, it is sensitively detected and turned to a digital signal by analogue to digital converter. The image is displayed on a monitor after digital signal sent to image processor for Fourier transformation (Anonymos, n.d). The signal before Fourier transformation called raw data is stored to enable the application of corrections in the post processing. Matrix sizes of 2n are usually used to allow the use of fast Fourier transformation (Anonymos, n.d). 11. Describe MRI quality assurance program: The evaluation of all MRI system should be done prior to and following installation. It must be monitor at least annually to ensure proper functioning and high-quality diagnostic images are produced (ASRT, 2008). For the performance evaluation, it should include the tests phase stability, magnetic field homogeneity, calibration of all RF coils, image signal-to-noise ratio and uniformity for all coils, inter-slice RF interference, artifact evaluation, hardcopy and softcopy fidelity, spatial resolution and low contrast object detectability, magnetic field gradient calibration, intensity for all volume coil, film processor quality control, physical and mechanical inspection, and evaluation of MRI safety (Geoffrey D. Clarke, 2002). In quality control program, the physicist/MR scientist should assist annually on the RF calibration and image SNR and uniformity for the head coil, film processor QC, physical and mechanical inspection, magnetic field gradient calibration, and hardcopy and softcopy fidelity. The corrective action is taken if the parameter falls outside control limit (Geoffrey D. Clarke, 2002). The protocol of acceptance testing include the evaluation of the coil and follow-up procedure or written survey report from the physicist/ MR scientist to the physicians and to the responsible professional (ASRT, 2008). CONCLUSION In MRI system, a magnet is required for nuclear alignment, radio frequency source for excitation, magnetic field gradient system for spatial encoding, computer system for image formation process as well as the user interface, and image processor to convert signal into images. This hardware plays important role along the software program like pulse sequence and image formation program to produce the MR images. However, to ensure proper functioning and high-quality diagnostic images produce, the MRI system should be evaluated through Quality Assurance (QA) program because if there are parameter falls outside control limit, immediate corrective action is taken.

The Internet - The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Essays -- Computer Scie

The Internet - The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly The internet is a computer based global information system. It is composed of many interconnected computer networks. Each network may link thousands of computers enabling them to share information. The internet has brought a transformation in many aspects of life. It is one of the biggest contributors in making the world into a global village. Use of internet has grown tremendously since it was introduced. It is mostly because of its flexibility. Nowadays one can access the internet easily. Most people have computers in their homes but even the ones who don't they can always go to cyber cafes where this service is provided. The internet developed from software called the ARPANET which the U.S military had developed. It was only restrict to military personnel and the people who developed it. Only after it was privatized was it allowed to be used commercially. The internet has developed to give many benefits to mankind. The access to information being one of the most important. Student can now have access to libraries around the world. Some charge a fee but most provide free services. Before students had to spend hours and hours in the libraries but now at the touch of a button students have a huge database in front of them. They can have online discussions with other students as well. There is another aspect of the internet-internet chat. This has opened a doorway to the world. One can talk to people of different nationalities and get to know about their culture and traditions. Problems can be discussed with them. This is especially useful for people who have relatives abroad. It is more expensive to call and talk to them through a normal phone line but the internet has almost done away with that too. Online chatting and voice conferences provide a cheap outlet. One can also see ones loved ones online, all this happening at the same time. This includes electronic mail and online chatting. The internet has brought new opportunities to government, business and education. Governments use it for various processes such as distribution of information and internal communication. Businesses use it to sell and buy products online and also to interact with other businesses. New business opportunities have sprouted because of the internet. Auctions take place and sites like 'e-bay' provide the opportunity for everyone t... ...fered a loss, especially the music and movie industry. Movies and songs are available for free on the internet which has affected the sale levels of artists. People make their own cds and sell them. The phone industry has also suffered because more people are making calls through the internet. Students have also abused the internet by copying other people's assignments and passing them as their own. And there is no way teachers can really catch them because they may have taken it from anywhere on the internet. The internet has been abused in many ways but its use cannot be undermined. Its benefits far outweigh its disadvantages in my view. As the internet continues to grow many challenges have to be met. The growing traffic on the net provides a major hurdle. As more people log on, more highways have to be developed for smooth surfing. There also have to be new laws passed to control the type of information flowing on the internet. Security measures have to be tightened. The most important factor is that people need to be educated on how to use the internet for their betterment. No matter how much governments control, until people develop a conciousness matters will not improve.

Role of Women :: essays research papers

Different authors have different approaches to the same issue. In this paper I will contrast and compare how the authors Alexis De Tocqueville, Holly Dover, and Christina Hoff Sommers, tackle the myth of the role of women in society and what the role of women should be according to them. De Tocqueville   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  De Tocqueville was a French aristocrat who came to America to study the American penal system. Coming from a European society he was struck by the way Americans understood the equality of the sexes. He published his book Democracy in America in 1835, which is from where our excerpt came from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  De Tocqueville seems very impressed with the fact that American women are capable of performing the same duties as men but do not choose to because they rather maintain their natural place in society. American women are just as capable as men in understanding politics and other important affairs, but choose not to occupy themselves with such matter, so they spend more time in preserving their natural beauty and their natural place in society without being forced to. He also seems pleased by the fact that the women take pride in â€Å"bending themselves to the yoke†. He seems to be very content with American men as well who, unlike European men, do not flatter their women constantly and boast themselves to be women’s slaves but instead, show the appreciation of their women through their actions. European men on the other hand are all talk. De Tocquville says in his closing argument that even though American women are extremely dependent on the men, he has never seen any women occupy a loftier position. He attributes America’s superiority to the superiority of her women. Another way of looking at the roles we assume in society is that they are â€Å"socially constructed†. Holly Devor brings this view to our attention in an essay. Being a professor of sociology at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, she is an expert in the field. She uses a more scientific approach, as compared to De Tocquville, to the argument about the role of men and women in society. She believes that we learn how to live our lives according to our gender at a very young age. According to research, by the age of five years old, children may be able to accurately recognize their own gender and the genders of the people around them; however, they will often do that on the basis of role information, such as hairstyle and clothing, rather than physical attributes such as genitals.

Trumans Decision to use the atomic mom Essay -- American History, War

Truman’s decision to use atomic weapons has long been a controversial subject throughout the decades after he used it. Many scholars and people who surrounded the president at the time published memoirs and books about the decision to use the weapon. As years went, more works of writing and information were released which added more information to the vast knowledge we have of the decision to drop the bomb and of what the Japanese faced after the event took place. J. Samuel Walker wrote a book called Prompt & utter destruction which uses new knowledge gained about the bomb and new information the Japanese released, which Walker said, â€Å"has greatly enriched our understanding of the agonizing deliberations in Tokyo over ending the war† (ix).Walker did not take any sides in the book, however, he uses what material from the first book and new sources of information to evaluate why President Truman made his decision. The main focus of Walker’s book is to answer w hy President Truman used atomic bombs against Japan and open more discussion to the question â€Å"was the bomb militarily necessary or was it used primarily for political/diplomatic reasons that had more to do with impressing the Soviets than winning the war against Japan?† (xii), which Walker said the question â€Å"divided specialists† (xii). Throughout Walker’s book, he focuses on President Truman’s choice of using the atomic bomb on Japan, Truman’s advisers who were General George C. Marshall and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson agreed that the bomb was necessary. President Truman believed that the bomb was necessary to spare â€Å"the lives of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers† (4). The book points out that Truman never had a â€Å"categorical choice† (5) when choosing to use the... ...e forever by the bomb. On the Japanese side they did decline the Potsdam Declaration. Truman gave the Japanese the choice to accept but the declaration. I admired the United States for giving warning. Walker did give some history of post-WWII, but I am particularly interested in the environmental effect of Hiroshima and how did Japan rebuild after the bomb. I think he lacked in this department when he wrote the book. My final say is the first bomb was necessary and I thought being in American hands was the best thing at the time to have. I think the second bomb was unnecessary and I also blame the Americans for not giving ample of time for the Japanese to surrender. The Japanese did downplay the destruction of the bomb and I think this was a flaw. Lastly I thought the book should have had more on post war and onwards of the effects on both sides.

To Kill a Mockingbird: Innocence

A songbird's melody can evoke happiness in anyone, as can the smiling face of a child. The mockingbird sings for the sake of singing, and an innocent child possesses an inborn joyfulness, as natural as instinct. Yet a mockingbird's song dies as easily as the innocence of a child. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem are portrayed as innocents, uncorrupted by our world of prejudice and racism. Their world is simple, sensible, a child's world.However, three years in the life of 8-year-old Scout Finch, her brother, Jem, and their father, Atticus, are consumed by the arrest and eventual trial of a young black man accused of raping a white woman. By the end of the novel, their world has expanded to enclose the irrational nature of humans. Jem and Scout's growing up is portrayed by a series of events that shatters their innocence as easily as a mockingbird can be silenced.Lee uses a combination of insignificant and profound events: the trial of Tom Robinson, Walter C unningham, and their relationship with Boo Radley to develop and display the children’s growth in maturity. One of the first cracks in Scout’s armour of naivete occurs due to the fact that she speaks her mind. On Scout’s first day of school Scout tries to explain to her teacher that she is embarrassing Walter Cunningham by offering him something that he will not be able to pay back. Scout realizes that because her teacher is not a local, she will not know that about the Cunningham’s, but Scout's explanation gets her into trouble.When Scout explains â€Å"Walter’s one of the Cunningham’s,† (26), she was not trying to be insulting, but Miss Caroline mistakes her frank and innocent explanation as arrogance or rudeness and punishes her for it. Scout's perception of the world and her classmates is not yet marred by the social divisions that adults see. When Scout has Walter over for a meal Scout really does insult Walter this time as she q uestions the way he eats by saying â€Å"But he’s gone and drowned his dinner in syrup† (32) and makes him feel self-conscious.She is not doing it intentionally, she is just curious because she has never seen people who eat that way. She is too young to understand the social graces of Southern hospitality that dictate that you are always to make people feel at home and welcome no matter how unusual their habits may be. Scout and Jem are surrounded by racism and prejudice as children, but until they mature , they do not see it for what it is, until something enormously, obviously wrong occurs close to home. At first Scout does not understand what is wrong and keeps asking Jem questions about what is happening.While Atticus is asking questions directed to Mayella, â€Å"Slowly but surely [she] could see the pattern of Atticus’ questions† (244). Although this shows that Scout’s understanding about her father has improved, she is still oblivious to the deeper meaning of the trial. While Jem is explaining to Dill, Scout â€Å"supposes† it is â€Å"the finer points of the trial† (252). With Jem being able to do this, this proves that Jem has matured greatly since the beginning. But what surprised Scout and blew Jem away was the obvious unfairness of the verdict.When Jem states â€Å"You just can’t convict a man on evidence like that,† proves that Jem realizes the injustice that Tom Robinson faced (295). Atticus has shielded Scout and her brother from any outward prejudice against blacks. However, even he could not keep out the thought that coloured were not quite the same. Racism has been so deeply ingrained that Scout didn't realize its intensity and results until that tragedy opened her eyes. As a result, racism and its effects entered the ever-expanding world of the Finch children.Because of the perspective of childhood innocence, Boo Radley is given no identity apart from the youthful superstitions t hat surround him, and it is these superstitions that leave Jem and Scout oblivious to the fact that Boo just wants to protect them. Scout at first describes Boo as a â€Å"malevolent phantom,† (10) while Jem illustrates him as a â€Å"six-and-a-half feet tall† man that â€Å"dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch† (16). With these expressions they demonstrated how innocent the children are.After the children have found gifts inside a knot hole in a tree, their father finds out about their â€Å"game†. When Atticus witnesses his children leaving a note in the hole, he believes his children are causing harm so he tells them to â€Å"stop tormenting the man† (65). When Atticus says, â€Å"You just told me,† Jem did not realize that without actually saying that they were playing the Boo Radley game he still admitted to his father that that is what they were doing. Originally portrayed as a freak and a lunatic, Boo Radley continues to gain the sympathy of the children.When Nathan Radley closes the hole, Scout sees it as no more gifts, but Jem takes it more to heart. Nathan Radley claims that the â€Å"tree’s dying† (83) so Jem asks his father where he says that the tree is fine. When Jem realizes that Nathan had just cut off their connection, he was â€Å"crying,† (84). It is when Scout and Jem need saving that Scout understands that Boo was just merely looking out for them. While saying â€Å"Hey Boo† in person, this shows how mature Scout has gotten during the three years (362).Scout losses her innocence when she realizes that Boo Radley has given so much to them- gifts in the tree, a warm blanket on a cold night, folded up pants on a fence and their LIVES, but they have never repaid him. As if they were the harmless songbirds, the children's innocence is shattered by these events. Through their interactions with Walter, Tom’s trial and Boo Radley social prejudice, racism, mo bs, and â€Å"social exceptions† are now a part of their world. The naivete and purity have been replaced by the knowledge of human nature and the corruption of our world. The world is no longer simple, and the mockingbird is dead.

Fire Rescue Department In Malaysia Engineering Essay

In Malaysia, Fire Rescue Department or popularly known as Bomba is the fire and deliverance services bureau. The fire safety criterions must be implemented by following the ordinances in the Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984, National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Codes and Standards and Fire Services Act 1988.2.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984 is a published papers, which is used as a needed safety criterion and besides is emphasized by the authorities. The Standing Committee recommended that life safety of the edifice residents must be considered first and it is to be achieved by giving the minimal demand sing to the assorted facets. The assorted facets refer to issue for the residents, spread of fire within the edifice or from one edifice to another one edifice and agencies of sensing and extinction of fires. In UBBL 1984, 80 per centum emphasized on life safety demand and 20 per centum are staying on the belongings protection of a edifice ( Goh, 2009 ) . Besides, the basic demands of the UBBL are equal fire protection stuffs and building system to do certain the safety of the life and belongings in the edifice during the fire. Furthermore, UBBL 1984 besides stated some fire demands sing the building design in order to minimise and diminish the hazard of fire. Automatic fire sprinkler system is mentioned in Uniform Building By-Law 1984 at Part VIII ( Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access ) .2.1.2 National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA )National Fire Protection Association is an international non-profit organisation which is authorized on fire, electrical and edifice safety. The NFPA was established in 1896 and it serves as the universe ‘s prima advocator in fire bar and is an important beginning for information on fire safety ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) . Besides that, NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates about 300 consensus codifications and criterions which intended to minimise the effects of fire and other hazard. Actually for every edifice, procedure, service, design, and installing in society today is already affected by NFPA paperss ( National Fire Protection Association, 2009 ) . Automatic fire sprinkler is mentioned in NFPA 13 ( Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ) , NFPA 25 ( Standard for the Inspection, Testing, Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection System )2.1.3 Fire Services Act 1988The Fire Services Act 1988 is implemented to do necessary proviso for the effectual and efficient operation of the fire Services Department. In add-on, this act is besides for the protection of individual and belongings from fire hazards and other intents connected therewith. This Act most likely explains the responsibilities of the Fire service Department, which consists of implementing fire bar, fire safety review and fire jeopardy suspension, probe and prosecution ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) .2.2 Types of fire sprinkler systemsFire sprinkler systems are the most of import and successful of the fire contending systems. There are five chief types of fire sprinkler system which are wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, re-cycling and surrogate moistures and dry pipe. The three extra types of fire sprinkler system which are tail-end surrogate, tail-end dry pipe and flood. These three systems may be combined with wet pipe and/or surrogate moisture and dry pipe sprinkler system to organize extensions. The type of sprinkler systems to be selected for the edifice will be depended on type of edifice and type of stuffs to be protected ( Hassan, 1996 ) . For illustration, a storage installation that shops extremely flammable liquids will necessitate a different sprinkler system from a shopping Centre.2.2.1 Wet pipe systemWet pipe systems are the most common fire sprinkler system that have been utilizing in the edifice. This sprinkler system is suited used in het edifices where temperatures remain above 0 and there is no hazard of the H2O in the sprinkler system stop deading ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Water is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. When a fire produced the heat, it will do the nearest sprinkler caputs to open at their operating t emperature. Water will instantly dispatch onto the fire, at the same clip the flow of H2O activates a hydraulicly operated dismay bell outside the edifice and agreements can besides be made to alarm the local Fire Brigade ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.1 shows a typical moisture sprinkler system where the H2O supply is taken straight from the H2O chief. Figure 2.2 shows how the pipe connected the dismay valve to an dismay tam-tam and turbine. The entire figure of sprinklers that connected to an installing will be different for light jeopardy, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy and, depending on the fortunes. Besides that, the figure of sprinklers system fitted to each installing will change over the scope of 500 to 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) . When fire sprinkler systems installed in a high rise edifice, the difference in tallness between the lowest and the highest sprinkler in an installing must non be greater than 45 metres ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Distribution pipes are to be connected independently to the chief rise pipe at the floor being served and no subdivision shall widen to more than one floor, mean that each subdivision being served by a separate chief rise pipe. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.22.2.1.1 Advantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemSimplicity and dependability systemWet pipe sprinkler systems have the fewest figure of constituents and necessitate less installing clip comparison to other systems. Due to the system ‘s simpleness, the system care may non be performed as the coveted frequence. The dependability of moisture pipe sprinkler system is of import since sprinklers may be used to standby for many old ages before they are needed ( API Group, 2003 ) .Fiscal salvagingThe installing and care disbursal for wet pipe sprinkler system are comparative low ( API Group, 2003 ) . It is because moisture pipe sprinkler systems require least sum of installing clip and besides less service clip is required.Ease of alterationThe plants to modify the moisture pipe sprinkler system include closing down the H2O supply, run outing pipes and doing changes. After so, the undermentioned work is to coerce prove the system and reconstruct it. Additional work for sensing and particular control equipment is evitable which may salvage the clip and cost ( API Group, 2003 ) .Shorter clip to mend after fireWet pipe sprinkler systems require the least sum of attempt and clip to reconstruct after a fire ( API Group, 2003 ) . In most cases, fire sprinkler is reinstated by replacing the amalgamate sprinklers and turning the H2O supply back on. For other types of sprinkler systems, it may necessitate extra attempt to reset control equipment.2.2.1.2 Disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler systemThe disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system are that it can non be installed in an country where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. It is because the H2O inside the distribution pipe will go solid if exposed to stop deading temperatures.2.2.2 Dry pipe systemThis system may merely be used in the conditions that it is impossible to utilize a moisture pipe system, or jump moistures and dry type system. Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe sprinkler systems will be installed at unwarmed edifices and parking garages. The system between dry pipe system and wet pipe system are different. The difference is that, wet pipe sprinkler systems contain H2O but dry pipe sprinkler systems contain tight air. The tight air is supplied by an electric air compressor, N bottles, or other beginning. In add-on, the air force per unit area inside the pipes that is about one-third to one-half times greater than the maximal H2O force per unit area. Dry pipe sprinkler systems have a valve applauder and dismay port. The map of dry pipe valve applauder is to divide between air force per unit area and H2O force per unit area at the valve interface. When a fire starts, fire release the heat causes a sprinkler caput to open and the tight air would be released. Once this happened, H2O will come in the pipe and fluxing through unfastened sprinkler onto the fire. Due to this system is apt to endure frost harm, it is of import that the pipe work should be self-draining and sprinkler caputs must be fitted above the scope pipes. The figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500, and depends on whether or non an gas pedal has been fitted to the system ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.3 shows how sprinkler caputs fitted above the scope pipe. Figure 2.3 ( Beginnings from Hassan, 1996 )2.2.2.1 Advantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemSuitable for stop deading temperaturesDry pipe sprinkler systems are suited to be installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe installings include unwarmed edifices and parking garages.Suitable for H2O sensitive countriesThe advantage of dry pipe sprinkler systems is that it is suited to be used to protect aggregations and other H2O sensitive countries while the moisture pipe system does non. While a physical harm on the moisture pipe sprinkler systems will do the pipes leaking, dry pipe sprinkler system will non. It will take 1 minute to let go of the air inside the pipes before H2O flowing.2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of dry pipe sprinkler systemIncreased complexnessHarmonizing to API Group, dry pipe sprinkler systems require extra control equipment and air force per unit area supply constituents which will increase complexness o f the systems. If proper care is non followed for this sprinkler system, the system would be less dependable.Higher installing and care costThe installing cost for dry pipe sprinkler system will be higher since the complexness degree is higher and installing clip is longer comparison to wet pipe system. Besides that, the care cost will besides be higher due to labor accomplishment is required to keep this complex sprinkler systems.Lower design flexiblenessThere are rigorous demands sing the upper limit permitted size of single dry pipe systems ( API Group, 2003 ) . These restrictions may impact the ability of an proprietor to do system add-ons.Increased fire response clipThe entire clip taken from sprinkler caput opens until H2O is discharged onto the fire is up to 60 seconds ( API Group, 2003 ) . The fire snuff outing actions will be delay for 60 seconds and caused the fire harm to the edifice addition.Increased corrosion potencyDry pipe sprinkler systems must be wholly drained and dried. If there is H2O staying inside the pipe, it will do corrosion and premature failure. This sort of job will non go on on moisture pipe system because the H2O is invariably maintained in piping.2.2.3 Pre-action systemPre-action sprinkler systems are installed in H2O sensitive environments such as computing machine suites, library and paper records office. When in an existent fire status, these systems will run to salvage the edifice and its constituents from fire harm. It will give earliest warning if detected of burning in the protected countries and which will originate from the action of a fume sensor. This will gives adequate clip for the eruption to be dealt with satisfactorily by utilizing portable asphyxiators. The pre-action system is similar to a dry pipe system and flood system. The difference between pre-action system and dry pipe system is that the air force per unit area may or may non be used for pre-action system. The difference between pre-action system and flood system is that the valve is electronically held closed and standard â€Å" closed † are used for pre-action system. Two separate events must be presented to originate sprinkler discharge onto the fire. First, the sensing system identifies a underdeveloped fire and so automatically sprinkler system would open the pre-action valve. When the pre-action valve is opened, it allows H2O to flux into system shrieking. Second, each of the sprinkler caputs will verify whether there is fire so merely permit H2O flow onto the fire. This system must be self-draining. For pre-action sprinkler system installing, the maximal Numberss of sprinklers that may be fitted to an installing for light jeopardy is about 500, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy is about 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.3.1 Advantages of pre-action sprinkler systemThe double action required H2O releaseThe double action here means that the pre-action valve must run and sprinkler caput must blend so merely H2O release ( API Group, 2003 ) . This characteristic provides dual degree of protection against accidental discharge. With this ground, pre-action sprinkler systems are often installed in H2O sensitive countries such as book libraries, computing machine centres and etc.2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of pre-action sprinkler systemHigher installing and care costPre-action sprinkler systems are more complex with several extra constituents, such as fire sensing system. Thus the installing and care cost will go higher due to the add-ons system required.Alteratio n troublesPre-action sprinkler systems have specific size restrictions which may impact hereafter system alterations ( API Group, 2003 ) . Besides that, system alterations must integrate alterations to the fire sensing and control system to guarantee proper operation.Potential decreased dependabilityThe higher degree of complexness with pre-action sprinkler systems the higher possibility that something may non work when needed. Regular care is needed to guarantee dependability.2.2.4 Alternate moisture and dry pipe systemThis system is used for those developments in which the H2O in the pipes may stop dead when alteration in the clime and where the encompassing temperature does non transcend 70. For illustration, the system is operated ‘dry ‘ in winter and ‘wet ‘ in the summer. The system inside the pipes will be alterations by following the clime, when it is dry pipe system so the pipes contain tight air, and when it is alterations to wet pipe system so the pipes are filled with H2O. In some instances, this system may necessitate a duplicate of the automatic dismay valves, which may be connected in analogue. The benefit of the automatic dismay valves is to installations an easy conversion at the bend of the season. Besides that, the system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.5 Recycling systemThe usage of this system is by and large restricted to state of affairs where it is necessary: To restrict H2O harm after a inferno ; To forestall accidental H2O harm caused by any accident mechanical intervention with the pipe work or sprinklers ; and To be able to transport out work on the installing while guaranting that the system remains in a province of preparedness at all times. When pre-action valve bend to open mean than the operation of any heat sensor activates the dismay driven tam-tam and primes the pipe work ready for the at hand gap of one or more sprinklers. If the fire was put out by portable asphyxiators instantly, the heat sensors automatically reset to the normal monitoring place. This has the consequence of originating a hydraulic force per unit area equalisation procedure which may typically take 5 proceedingss to finish. After this has occurred, the pre-action valve will be from opened and turn to closed. If the fire begins to rekindle, the heat sensors will be reactivated and do the pre-action valve once more be opened. After so H2O will be directed discharge to the beginning of the fire. Others installings use electrical clocking units and the usage of electrically meshing circuitry is installed to guarantee that the system will non run entirely because of falling air force per unit area in the pipe work. With this system, any inadvertent harm to either the pipe work, or the sprinkler caputs will non do the chief valve to open. The disadvantage is when secret agents working on such an installing must take attention that they isolate that portion of the system on which they are working from the potentially active chief system. The system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinklers fitted to such an installing must non transcend 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.6 Deluge systemDeluge sprinkler systems are installed in high jeopardy operations, such as power bring forthing station, chemical storage, weaponries workss, and the countries which store points such as flammable liquids. These sprinkler systems will work together with independent fire sensing systems and disch arge H2O instantly to the protected country during a fire. The flood sprinkler system is similar to a pre-action system. The difference between flood sprinkler system and pre-action system is that the flood sprinkler caputs are unfastened and the pipe is non pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a H2O supply through a flood valve that is opened when fume or heat sensing system is activated. The sensing system is installed in the same country as the sprinklers. When the sensing system is activated, H2O will dispatch through all of the sprinkler caputs onto the fire. Water is non equal to command or extinguishment fire in countries where flammable liquids are manufactured or stored. Water is require to blend with the froth dressed ore and do the dressed ore to spread out when released through the sprinkler caput, it may striping the fire beginning of O required to back up burning of flammable stuffs ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.2.7 Tail-end surrogate pipe and tail-end dry pipe systemsThese systems may be regarded as an ‘add-on ‘ system to a standard sprinkler installing and they are intended to cover with relatively little countries. In a het edifices will served by a conventional moisture pipe system, it is possible that a little portion of the edifice is either unwarmed or is overheated temperatures. In order to cover with this, it is allowable to fall in a tail-end surrogate system onto the chief moisture pipe system. The figure of sprinklers on any tail-end extension must non transcend 100. If it is more than two tail-end extensions are services by one valve set, the entire figure of sprinklers in the tail-end extension must non transcend 250 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .2.3 Benefit of fire sprinkler systemAutomatic fire sprinkler systems have been used to protect industrial and commercial belongingss for more than 100 old ages. Nowadays, fire sprinklers are non merely installed in commercial and industrial edifices but besides installed in residential edifices, office edifices, schools and hotels. Fire sprinkler systems are become common and popular that is because it is provide many benefits to us.2.3.1 Reduce human deathsIt is hard to gauge how much safer fire sprinklers could supply in the event of fire. Based on grounds from research lab surveies and limited field experience in the United States, the surveies prove that fire sprinklers could salvage an extra 7.7 lives per million houses per twelvemonth . In add-on, the grounds besides proves that fire sprinklers could cut down the hazard of firefighter decease and hurt during put out a fire. It is estimated if all the edifices were installed with fire sprinklers, approximately 0.1 fireman lives could be saved per million houses per twelvemonth. Thus, the survey concludes that fire sprinkler could salvage an extra 7.8 lives per million houses per twelvemonth ( Rousseau, 1989 ) .2.3.2 Reduce hurtsBased on the United Stated research, the survey proves that if installing of fire sprinkler in edifices could forestall about 87 people hurts per million houses each twelvemonth. The sum of firefighting hurts could besides be reduced through increased installing of sprinklers by every bit many as 30 firefighting hurts per million houses per twelvemonth. Based on American Studies, the cost to remedial per hurt to a civilian or fireman is $ 30,000 ( Rousseau, 1989 ) . These costs are included to pay medical measures and allowance for hurting and agony.2.3.3 Reduce Insurance PremiumsResidential fire sprinkler systems are going more prevailing with each go throughing twelvemonth. If the edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house ( Snyder, 2008 ) . Besides that, municipalities must account for the addition in residential system and guarantee that they are being maintained in conformity with current National Fire Protection Association criterions. After installed fire sprinkler systems, they will really salvage money because they can cut down place insurance rates by 5 to 15 per centum ( Snyder, 2008 ) . These values are expected to be increase in the hereafter. In the event that there is a fire, they will besides salvage money in possible amendss.2.3.4 Increase value of the edificeA edifice constructed with fire sprinkler system has more value than a edifice without a fire sprinkler system. It is because a edifice with a fire sprinkler system provides extra fire safety for the edifice and therefore, the edifice worth more and the proprietor could derive more net income when selling the edifice.2.3.5 Reduce belongings harm costHarmonizing to records for decennaries on belongings harm, the proprietor save about 90 % on belongings harm costs with fire sprinkler systems than those without fire sprinkler systems when a fire is happened. This is clear that a fire sprinkler system will pay for itself many times over. Harmonizing to Daniel Snyder article, the mean cost of amendss in places with fire sprinkler systems was about $ 2,000 and the mean cost of amendss in places without sprinkler systems was about $ 45,000.2.3.6 More clip to get awayFire sprinkler systems provide an extra grade of protection for both life and belongings above fume and other fire sensing systems. Sprinkler systems evidently help people by giving more clip for them to get away when a fire is go oning, so they help to salvage lives. A right designed and installed sprinkler system can observe and command a fire at an early phase of fire development and activate an dismay. So with the right operation of the sprinkler system will quickly cut down the production rate of heat and fume, therefore leting more clip for the residents to get away safety or be rescued.2.3.7 Increase issue entree travel distance capacityAn addition in exit entree travel distances is a major distinguishable advantage for edifices with sprinkler system over edifices without sprinkler system. The issue entree travel distance mean the distance from any occupied part of a edifice to an issue. For illustration, the issue is such as enclosed staircase. Depending on the tenancy of the edifice, anyplace from an extra 50 to 100 pess of issue entree travel distance can be gained when the edifice is installed with fire sprinkler system ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . Table 2.1 show the maximal travel distance between constructing with sprinkler and without sprinkler for different types of edifices. SEVENTH SCHEDULE MAXIMUM TRAVEL DISTANCES ( By-law 165 ( 4 ) , 166 ( 2 ) , 167 ( 1 ) , 170 ( B ) ) Purpose Group Limit when alternate issues are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Dead-end bound ( meter ) Un- sprinklered SprinkleredSmall ResidentialInstitutionalHospitals, Nursing Homes etc, School Open Plan Flexible PlanOther ResidentialHotels Flatss DormitoriesOfficeShopsFactoryGeneral and Special Purpose High Hazard Open constructionTopographic points of AssemblyStorage and GeneralLow an Ordinary jeopardy High Hazard Parking Garages Aircraft Hangars ( Ground Floor ) Aircraft airdocks ( Mezzanine Floor ) NR 9 6 NR NR 10 10 0 15 15 15 0 NR NR NR NR 15 NR NR NR 30 45 30 45 30 30 30 45 30 30 22 NR 45 NR 22.5 30 30 22.5 NR 45 60 45 60 45 45 45 60 45 45 22.5 NR 61 NR 30 45 45 22.5 Table 2.1 ( Beginnings from Uniform Building By-Law 1984 )2.3.8 Increase Egress capacityFor the tenancies edifices which are installed with fire sprinkler systems, except high-hazard and infirmary, the agencies of egress constituents can be increased 50 % for the stairway breadth and 33 % for all other egress constituents such as corridors, doors, inclines ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . For illustration, a 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is without fire sprinkler systems merely can function 146 individuals, but a same 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is installed with fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals. Besides that, 44 inch corridor concept with fire sprinkler system can function 293 individuals, without fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals.2.3.9 Reduce building costAs antecedently reference, if the new edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house. They are non merely can cut low the insurance premiums but besides cut down in building cost. This is because most edifice codifications provide big building leeway for sprinkler edifices. For illustration, fewer emersions are required and larger floor countries are allowed for the edifice with sprinkler systems installed. This executable design will assist proprietors and re sidents to cut down the building cost and stuff cost. Further more information about the advantages of fire sprinkler system relate to benefits of building cost economy will be explain as below:2.3.9.1 Decrease in shaft enclosuresFor edifice are non greater than 420 pess in tallness, the fire evaluation of perpendicular shaft such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing, trash/linen chutes, except issue enclosures and lift hoist manner enclosures, is permitted to be reduced to one hr where automatic sprinklers are installed within the shaft at the top and at alternate floor degrees ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building.2.3.9.2 Elimination of the entree anteroom for smokeproof issue stairway enclosuresFor tower block edifice, the issue staircases off the floors located more than 75 pess above the lowest degree of fire section vehicle entree are required to be smokeproof issue enclosures ( IBC 1020.1.7 ) . The entree are to the s tairway in a smokeproof issue enclosure is required to be form an unfastened outside balcony ( IBC subdivision 909.20.3 ) or a ventilated anteroom ( IBC Section 909.20.4 ) , with a breadth of non less than 72 inches ( IBC Section 909.20.1 ) . If the high rise edifice is installed with fire sprinkler systems, under IBC subdivision 909.20.5 is allow to extinguish the unfastened outside balcony and /or the ventilated anteroom demands. This alternate saves valuable infinite on each floor of the edifice and it can be converted into rental or marketable infinite for the edifice proprietor. This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building and besides derive excess net income for edifice proprietor.2.4 Problem of fire sprinkler systemFire sprinkler systems can be used to salvage lives, belongings and others benefit, whether they used in industrial edifices, offices, or place. But automatic fire sprinkler systems besides present some alone proficient jobs. Fortunately, such jobs can be avoided by cognizing the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure. From the National Fire Sprinkler Association study, the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure that are error sprinkler activate, overheating, stop deadin g, mechanical harm, corrosion, or leaking.2.4.1 Problem sing elements of fire sprinkler2.4.1.1 CorrosionCorrosion or rust can weaken pipes and sprinkler caputs. The terrible corrosion jobs have been normally attributed to microbiologically influenced corrosion and known as MIC. This can ensue a sudden and unwelcome activation when a sprinkler pipe or caput fails. The National Fire Protection Association states that edifice proprietors are responsible for replacing sprinkler constituents that are corroded or rusted. Corrosion of fire sprinkler piping can take to potentially risky system malfunction, every bit good as dearly-won H2O harm and fix costs. Unfortunately, reviews for MIC and corrosion are frequently overlooked until the jobs become serious, such as damaging leaks occur or the corrosion extend to a big countries of the full fire sprinkler system have to be replaced. This disciplinary care attack is a retro-active scheme. The undertaking of the care squad in this scenario is normally to consequence fixs every bit shortly as possible. Cost associated with disciplinary care include fix, lost production and lost gross revenues. Repair costs are included replacing constituents, labor, and consumables.Solution to corrosion of fire sprinklerA new proactive attack to fire sprinkler care is available utilizing wholly non-invasive, supersonic engineerings that from the BASIC of a prognostic care attack ( Jeffrey, 2005 ) . This attack provides a cost-efficient agencies of observing the presence and supervising patterned advance of corrosion and making a digital record of the system province that can be used to schedule replacing of localised subdivisions of the system before leaks or operation failure occur.2.4.1.2 Mechanical harmFire sprinkler systems depend on the unity of all their parts. If a sprinkler caput is hit or a pipe damaged, the parts can divi de and the system can non be activate when fire is present. A common job with sprinkler caputs is harm from nearby building of forklifts that are raised excessively high, by chance strike harding off sprinkler caputs. Besides that, put ining automatic sprinklers can besides ensue in harm to the system if improper tools or techniques are used ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to mechanical harmFire sprinkler system must ever be inspected after the plants have been completed by contractor or sprinkler provider. Homeowner must guarantee all elements of the sprinklers in proper mode and without harm.2.4.2 Problem sing installing of fire sprinkler2.4.2.1 FreezingThere are two major sorts of fire sprinkler systems which are wet pipe and dry pipe sprinkler systems. Normally wet pipe sprinkler systems are most common used to put in in the edifices. For this sprinkler system, H2O is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. The advantage to this system is that it responds r apidly to a fire and less expensive than other sprinkler systems. The disadvantage to this system is than the H2O in the system could stop dead if installed to stop deading temperatures. The job that is some rawness builder installs this type of sprinkler system exposed to stop deading temperatures and causes the pipes freezing, the H2O inside can turn to frost and spread out. The enlargement can interrupt pipes and adjustments, doing leaks and loss of H2O force per unit area. The enlargement besides can coerce unfastened sprinkler caputs, doing inadvertent activation when the pipes thaw out ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .Solution to shriek freezingThere are three solutions to work out this sort of job. The first solution to this job is to run all sprinkler shrieking inside interior walls and utilize wall mounted sprinkler caputs ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The ground of replace ceiling mounted sprinkler caputs to palisade mounted sprinkler caputs is that the infinite above the ceiling is capable to stop deading temperatures. Another solution to this job is to blend antifreeze into the H2O ( Schunk, 2008 ) . It will forestall H2O inside the distribution pipe freezing when H2O mix with antifreeze. A job with this solution is that the care requires periodic draining of the system and replenishing with the proper mixture. This care is non merely expensive but besides really mussy and hard to execute in a finished house. The last solution to forestall freeze is to put in the fire sprinkler shrieking beneath the ceiling insularity ( Schunk, 2008 ) . This ceiling insularity must do certain use to whole country, uncomplete ceiling insularity even to a little country will do the pipe freezing. In extra, insularity is merely slows down heat transportation and the pipes will finally stop dead if temperatures alterations to really cold. The best manner to forestall this job happen is that the rawness builder or householder must speak to his contractor or sprinkler gross revenues representative about method to maintain fire sprinkler systems from stop deading temperatures. From illustration, the right method to this job that is chooses the dry pipe sprinkler system in the freeze temperatures.2.4.2.2 OverheatingHeat is used to trip fire sprinklers. Fire sprinklers will automatic activate when the heat is detected and no affair the heat will or will non do the harm to people and belongings. Where fire sprinkler are located excessively close to warmer, fanlights, and other beginnings of heat, the fire sprinkler can by chance travel off and dispatch the H2O out.Solution to overheatingHarmonizing to the regulations of National Fire Protection Associated criterion 13, installings of sprinkler systems require that higher temperature rated sprinkler be used. This means that the solder elements or glass bulbs used as the oper ating mechanisms will be designed and replaced with sprinkler caputs that are rated for higher heat. For illustration, normal glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 68-74 but for higher rate of glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 93-149 ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) . If the heat is above this scope, a qualified contractor should be hired to do the necessary alterations.2.4.3 Problem sing H2O supply2.4.3.1 Water supplyA typical domestic H2O supply for one and two household homes includes a 5/8 † H2O service and metre and may include a H2O force per unit area regulator and/or a backflow preventer. All of these devices are designed for a typical residential H2O flow rate of 5 to 7 gallons per minute. Unfortunately, they can non present the 26 gpm which required by a residential fire sprinkler system. All of these devices need to be increased in size to 1A? † in order the H2O flow rate go 26 gpm ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The job is, a residential H2O force per unit area regulator and H2O metre that are increased in size to manage the higher fire flows will non decently cut down the H2O force per unit area when operating at the low flow rates that are typical in one and two household homes ( Schunk, 2008 ) .Solution to H2O supplySolution to these jobs is to put in a seconded larger H2O service dedicated to the fire sprinkler system. This solution is non merely expensive ab initio, but will hold ongoing cost because many H2O purveyors ‘ have a minimal monthly rate per metre. The minimal monthly rate mean even there is no ingestion but besides back up to pay certain minimal sum. Besides, the rates typically increase with the size of the H2O metre, so the fire sprinkler metre rates will be more so the rates for the domestic H2O metre. Again, adding a seconded larger H2O service and metre is a concealed cost that is because it is portion of the pipe fitter ‘s occupation, and hence non included in the fire sprinkler contractor ‘s command ( Schunk, 2008 ) .